It produced 252 Bcf of dry marketed gas in 2013. The Kashagan field was initially developed by Agip KCO, a consortium led by the Italian company by Agip, .which was expected to become a leader in Kazakhstan’s oil industry. The Kashagan field, the largest known oil field outside the Middle East, is located 80 kilometers off the northern shore of the Caspian Sea near the city of Atyrau, Kazakhstan. Around 2005, Eni's partners realized that plans for these put them too near a production site. The disaster killed more than a million birds. Water depths range from 2 to 6 meters, and temperatures fluctuate between -40̊C and +40̊C throughout the year. "We will demand that the investor meets his contractual obligations," he said that year. The list is incomplete; there are more than 65,000 oil and gas fields of all sizes in the world.

Laurent Paris, an Oddo-Pinatton analyst, said the move by the Kazakh government was part of its efforts to put "maximum pressure" on the Eni-led consortium. Bond-rating firms predicted an economic boost for Kazakhstan. USGS map of countries where oil is located.

“Instead, the project has been plagued by budget blowouts, engineering missteps and management disputes extending from offshore roughnecks to top government and corporate leaders. <> While the sides negotiate fixes and penalties, Mr. Karabalin, the oil minister, said he is struck that companies brought in for their engineering prowess were thwarted by a plumbing failure. Ice drifts and ice scouring place heavy constraints on construction activities. Since conventional fixed or floating drilling rigs cannot operate in the shallow, icy waters, oil companies instead built several artificial islands from rock and concrete to serve as mounts for drilling equipment. But companies are finding that practical problems loom almost as large as the area's potential -- especially the question of how to move resources from the landlocked region to market. ^|^ A tentative deal put Exxon in the lead, and its employees soon had cards calling Exxon "operator designate." Managers expect the facility will start producing gas and oil at full capacity in 2017 after the pipes have been replaced, according to Daytime and nighttime satellite imagery shows the burning of methane that goes together with the oil extraction process.

^|^ The world's most expensive energy projects according to CNN Money: 1) Kashagan, Kazakhstan ($116 billion); 2) Gorgon, Australia ($57 billion); 3) Ichthys, Australia ($43 billion); 4) Bovanenkovskoye, Russia ($41 billion); 5) Australia Pacific LNG, Australia ($37 billion); 6) Wheatstone, Australia ($35 billion); 7) Queensland Curtis LNG, Australia ($34 billion); 8) Kearl, Canada ($33 billion); 9) GLNG, Australia ($30 billion); 10) Three Gorges Dam, China ($28 billion). By some estimates it holds three times the reserves of the Tengiz field. Global Maps; Articles; Blogs ; Some features of this site are not compatible with your browser. Processing it generates huge pools of blood red sulfur that dries into 11-meter tall yellow slabs that are stacked neatly and sold to chemical companies and other buyers. 3) Kashagan: KazMunaiGaz, Eni, ExxonMobil, Shell, Total, China National Petroleum Corporation, Inpex; 2016/2017 (expected); 370 thousand barrels a day liquids processing capacity with current development (1,500 thousand barrels a day potential liquids production with further development); Over 100 Bcf gas production capacity (most gas to be used internally at Kashagan).

This list of oil fields includes some major oil fields of the past and present. ^|^ September 20, 2015JPEG. The hydrogen sulfide is both highly toxic and highly corrosive and has been blamed for the pipeline leaks. The reserves are quite deep (about 4.5 kilometers or 2.7 miles below the surface) and stored at high pressures (770 pounds per square inch or 5,309 kilopascals), which adds extra layers of engineering complexity. "It's obvious that the 'Kashagan story' has grown out of an economic conflict into a political one." Eni redesigned the accommodations, delaying construction by a year. == ^-^ The deal gives most production to the oil companies until their development costs are recovered.

Petroleum and other liquids Oil field development in Kazakhstan reached two milestones in 2016. [Source: Selina Williams, Géraldine Amiel and Justin Scheck, Wall Street Journal, March 31, 2014 ^|^] "Then it happened again, and my blood pressure really jumped up." ...Asked about the 2011 incident, which was described by Western oil-company managers, a senior Eni executive said that he wasn't familiar with it but that friction between workers and management is a periodic occurrence.^|^ They brought in special icebreaking ships and tug boats that could operate in shallow water.