Meditation has been shown to reduce activation of the stress pathways and suppress chronic inflammation, which may support beneficial gut microbial populations (Househam 2017). 2018 Sep 9;9(9):CD005974. Belei O, Olariu L, Dobrescu A, Marcovici T, Marginean O. Marrs T, Flohr C. The role of skin and gut microbiota in the development of atopic eczema.

A critical function of the microbiome is preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes. Jasarevic E, Howard CD, Misic AM, Beiting DP, Bale TL. Allergies are mediated in part by an immune-signaling protein called immunoglobulin E (IgE). Conly JM, Stein K. The production of menaquinones (vitamin K2) by intestinal bacteria and their role in maintaining coagulation homeostasis.

Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis.

Gulden E, Vudattu NK, Deng S, Preston-Hurlburt P, Mamula M, Reed JC, . Ganji-Arjenaki M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Probiotics are a good choice in remission of inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta analysis and systematic review. Drug Metabolism by the Host and Gut Microbiota: A Partnership or Rivalry? . Muzny CA, Schwebke JR. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis: Discussion of Current Hypotheses. Wang JZ, Du WT, Xu YL, Cheng SZ, Liu ZJ.

lactis BB-12 impacts upper respiratory tract infection and the function of NK and T cells in healthy adults. Arboleya S, Watkins C, Stanton C, Ross RP. Respiratory tract infections are common during the cold and flu season. O'Callaghan A, van Sinderen D. Bifidobacteria and Their Role as Members of the Human Gut Microbiota. . Arseneault-Breard J, Rondeau I, Gilbert K, Girard SA, Tompkins TA, Godbout R, Rousseau G. Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model. Clarke SF, Murphy EF, O'Sullivan O, Lucey AJ, Humphreys M, Hogan A, . Weighing in on the risks and benefits of probiotic use in HIV-infected and immunocompromised populations. Although it is not clear yet how esophageal dysbiosis might be addressed, it is clear that the usual treatment for GERD—typically proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medications that reduce stomach acid secretion—can lead to a host of health problems in the long term, including intestinal dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (Del Piano 2012; Lombardo 2010; Fujimori 2015).Several studies have looked at the impact of using probiotic supplements along with PPIs. Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M. Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate. . In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, For more information about Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, please see the The esophagus is home to a rich microbial ecosystem and esophageal dysbiosis has been identified in those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). . Zonulin is a protein that modulates these tight junctions, and increased zonulin levels in the circulation are considered to indicate an impaired intestinal barrier (Ohlsson 2017; Fasano 2012; Moreno-Navarrete 2012).

They are found in some (Battcock 1998; Fernandez 2015; Tamang, Shin 2016; Tamang, Watanabe 2016; Pokusaeva 2011; Coton 2017; Mamlouk 2013; Suezawa 2008; Oliveira 2017; Laich 2002; Guenther 2011; Ropars 2017; Swain 2014; Londono-Hernandez 2017; Kitamoto 2015; Fijan 2014; Kawarai 2007; Kim 2017; Marongiu 2015; Gallone 2016; Krogerus 2017; Kelesidis 2012; Wang 2009; Mayo 2008; Lefeber 2011; Vogel 1993)Abuse and dependence on alcoholic beverages has been associated with dysbiosis leading to inflammation and increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa. Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, Hawkey PM, Chalmers DM, Axon AT.

. Mai V, Ukhanova M, Reinhard MK, Li M, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage administration significantly reduces Shigella colonization and shedding by Shigella-challenged mice without deleterious side effects and distortions in the gut microbiota. Epub 2015 Jul 6.Braga VL, Rocha LPDS, Bernardo DD, Cruz CO, Riera R.Sao Paulo Med J. Positive clinical outcomes derived from using Streptococcus salivarius K12 to prevent streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children: a pilot investigation. Hauptmann M, Schaible UE. .

Surendran Nair M, Amalaradjou MA, Venkitanarayanan K. Antivirulence Properties of Probiotics in Combating Microbial Pathogenesis. In a systematic review and meta-analysis on preventing eczema in infants and children, most studies that were examined used supplements with According to recent meta-analyses, probiotics may be beneficial for treating atopic dermatitis in adults and in children older than one year (Kim 2014; Huang 2017). The gut microbiome, which is the largest subset of the human microbiome, includes over 1,000 different bacterial species (across individuals) (Koboziev 2014; Lloyd-Price 2016) and accounts for about 2‒4 pounds of body weight per person (D'Argenio 2015).

Jefferson KK. Possible mechanisms for this effect include reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, improving cholesterol metabolism and dietary calcium absorption, and inhibiting the action of a vasoconstrictive enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (Daliri 2017; Upadrasta 2016).

Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis: prevalence and risk factors.

Guyer M. The NIH Human Microbiome Project.

Findings from several studies suggest physically active and highly fit individuals have greater gut microbial diversity with more beneficial microbes than sedentary people (Clarke 2014; Estaki 2016; Bressa 2017; Barton 2017; Petersen 2017). Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Tekce M, Ince G, Gursoy H, Dirikan Ipci S, Cakar G, Kadir T, Yilmaz S. Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year follow-up study. Proctor DM, Relman DA.